O Japão é um país de cultura única, sua história até hoje é cheia de mistérios e segredos, isso devido a seu "isolamento" de outras nações asiáticas ? a divisão por eras foi feita para facilitar o bom entendimento de sua história. No decorrer das descrições, vamos perceber que o país é marcado pelo patriotismo e vamos entender toda a curiosidade que essa cultura e história nos trazem.
** a 8000 a.C
Período "Pré-Cerâmico"
Definir com toda a certeza em que época realmente iniciou-se a civilização japonesa é muito difícil, mas os vestígios de vida no arquipélago indicam que pelo menos a 100 mil anos atrás, em uma época em que a área que corresponde ao Japão era colada ao continente asiático (prova disso foram os fósseis de mamute e de elefante naumann encontrados na parte norte do arquipélago). Os habitantes da Eurásia passaram a migrar para o leste, o povo provavelmente estava seguindo os animais, tendo em vista que, na época, a caça e a alimentação por plantas selvagens eram seus hábitos. Diferente do que muitos pensam, muitos indícios mostram que a origem do povo japonês não é chinesa. Instrumentos de pedra e fósseis humanos desse período mostram que esse povo existe desde a idade da pedra lascada, chamado também de Período Pré-cerâmico ou Período Paleolítico.
8000 a.C. a 300 a.C.
Período Jomon
Um dos maiores períodos, que durou milhares de anos. Foi nele que o arquipélago que conhecemos como Japão realmente se formou, pois com um aumento considerável da temperatura, o gelo começou a derreter e o nível do mar se elevou, mas o Japão ainda não era oficialmente um país. Naquele período, o homem continuava vivendo da caça de animais e de plantas selvagens, mas já se iniciava a produção de recipientes de barro (cerâmica jomon), o uso do arco e flecha e as primeiras tentativas de plantio. O interessante é que a extinção de algumas espécies de animais (que possuíam tamanhos muito diferentes do que conhecemos hoje) não foi causada apenas pelas mudanças climáticas, mas sim por ações humanas.
300 a.C. a 300 d.C.
Período Yayoi
O período Yayoi durou cerca de 600 anos e foi um dos períodos que trouxe mais mudanças ao arquipélago japonês. Talvez isso tenha ocorrido devido às viagens que habitantes do arquipélago fizeram para regiões de difícil acesso e, também, pela emigração de coreanos ao país, que levaram novas culturas, novos idiomas. Foram os coreanos que levaram ao Japão as técnicas do plantio do arroz e o trabalho com o metal (bronze e ferro). Influenciaram também nos recipientes de barro, ferramentas de uso cotidiano, entre outras coisas. Mas nem tudo foi benéfico, junto com tantas novidades vieram as guerras pelo poder, onde o tamanho de uma "aldeia" determinava quem era o mais forte, a diferença entre os ricos e pobres e uma certa rivalidade entre regiões. Mas muitos perguntam: por que os antigos habitantes da Coréia começaram a migrar para o Japão? E a resposta é bem simples, cerca de 2.500 anos atrás a Coréia enfrentava uma guerra e para fugir dela muitos coreanos embarcaram rumo à ilha de Kyushu e lá começaram a implantar o plantio do arroz que logo se expandiu por todas as ilhas. Com o tempo, os aldeões perceberam que o arroz poderia ser estocado por um grande período e logo o tamanho desse estoque mostrava o poder e a riqueza de cada vila. Na era Yayoi as pessoas se alimentavam do arroz cru, que era cozido no vapor ou fervido, mas essa não foi a única novidade da alimentação no arquipélago japonês, pois legumes (soja, azuki e trigo) que foram trazidos pelos chineses e a alimentação à base de carne de animais como cavalos e gado também foram incorporados à cultura japonesa.
300 d.C. a 593 d.C.
Período Yamato ou Kofun
Antes de resumir esse período, é curioso dizer que muitos dos dados dessa época foram conseguidos apenas depois que historiadores pesquisaram a história da China, isso devido à grande influência que esse país teve no Japão. No início desse período, o Japão acabou ficando dividido em varias áreas, devido ao seu relevo, cada uma delas com seus próprios costumes. Novos itens como ferramentas agrícolas e armas começaram a entrar no arquipélago através da Coréia e China, a arte de cerâmica aumentou e tornou-se mais prática e até a escrita chinesa entrou no país para fins comerciais. O budismo foi introduzido no Japão graças a esses dois paises em 538 d.C. E foi durante a invasão de cavaleiros da Mongólia (que acabaram conquistando o país) que surgiu a dinastia Yamato, por volta de 250 d.C, Jimmu Tenno se consagraria o primeiro Imperador do Japão. Com o tempo, todas as pequenas vilas estavam sendo transformadas em um único Estado. Séculos depois, com o príncipe Shotoku Taishi (Shôotoku-Tishi), o poder dos proprietários de terras (os chamados ujis) foi diminuído consideravelmente. Destaques: a unificação do Japão como nação (por volta do 3º e 4º século) e a introdução do budismo no país.
593 d.C a 710 d.C
Período Asuka Um período meio que conturbado, mas que trouxe muitas das características visíveis até hoje no país. Em 604 d.C é criada por Shotoku, a primeira Constituição do país, com 17 artigos. Essa organização centralizada é aumentada ainda mais em 645 d.C com a reforma Taika, que entre outras coisas criava impostos que deveriam ser pagos pelos camponeses. Tais mudanças devem-se principalmente ao budismo e ao confucionismo. Esse período que durou cerca de cem anos foi marcado também por avanços na parte de arquitetura e nas áreas filosóficas. Já na parte política, as coisas eram mais complicadas, pois no período Asuka ocorreu diversos atentados à família imperial (inclusive ocorrendo mortes) e muitas brigas entre famílias de grande poder no Japão. O período Asuka marca e muito a "aceitação" e consagração do budismo no país graças ao príncipe Shotoku. O período Asuka chega ao seu fim quando no governo da Imperatriz Genmei acontece a mudança da capital, que passa a ser Heijou-kyou (Heidjôokyôo), uma província de Nara.
710 d.C a 794 d.C
Período Nara
Esse período se inicia quando a Imperatriz Genmei transfere a capital imperial japonesa para Nara, uma cidade que foi construída baseada na capital chinesa Tang, o que prova a grande influência exercida pela China e pela religião budista nessa época. Foram construídos diversos templos budistas, por todo o país. Graças a isso, o crescimento cultural na área artística foi enorme. Foi nessa época que a escrita chinesa (Kanji) foi adaptada para o japonês. A sociedade em sua maioria era agrícola e dividida em aldeias. O regime uji-kabane (grandes proprietários) entra em decadência e floresce o regime Ritsuriô (administrativo). Muitas escolas com pensamentos budistas foram estabelecidas na capital Nara e uma se destacou por ser a mais apreciada pelos imperadores, a Sutra da Luz Dourada, que definiu Buda como o ser universal. Mais uma vez o período é finalizado com uma mudança de capital, a nova capital imperial do Japão passaria a ser Heian-kyou. Destaques: mudança da capital imperial e o crescimento do poder centralizado no país.
794 d.C a 1192 d.C
Período Heian (Heiã)
Com a posse do Imperador Kammu, novamente a sede da capital imperial muda de local, dessa vez seria Heian, que significa "capital da paz e da tranqüilidade" (essa capital, hoje em dia, é a província de Kyoto); foi justamente nessa época que surgiram os saburais (que possivelmente deram origem aos samurais). Por volta de 838 d.C. o Japão cortou as relações com a China devido à desordem que enfrentava. Já no século X, o Japão se encontrava sob o comando do clã Fujiwara e avançou muito na área cultural. Graças a isso, surgiu um sistema de escrita japonês de 46 símbolos básicos conhecido como Kana. Mas enquanto passava por um grande avanço cultural, na parte da política as coisas começaram a ficar mais difíceis e, por isso, duas nobres famílias, Taira e Minamoto, passaram a auxiliar os Fujiwara a manter a ordem em seu governo, com o recrutamento de camponeses. Mas logo toda essa harmonia entre as famílias acabou e o poder falou mais alto. Durante muito tempo ocorreram batalhas pelo poder ? nesse período complicado, surgiram de fato os samurais e em duas grandes batalhas, Hogen (1156) e Heiji (1159), a família Taira venceu e assumiu o poder. Taira Kiyomori foi o primeiro samurai a ocupar o poder. A família Tara não governou bem e logo passou a ser odiada por todos; somente 20 anos depois foi derrotada e Minamoto Yoritomo assumiu o poder, encerrando assim esse período cheio de evoluções e guerras. Destaque: surgem os samurais.
1192 d.C ? 1333 d.C
Período Kamakura
Minamoto Yoritomo consagra-se o vencedor da batalha e é denominado o Xogum, pelo imperador, assim se inicia uma nova época no Japão, um período em que os samurais se consagraram no poder. Nessa época, é criado o regime militar conhecido como Xogunato (ou bakufu). A capital imperial passa a ser em Kamamura, uma vila de pescadores bem protegida, ideal para se defender de grandes conflitos. Nesse período, o governo segue como base o código de honra dos samurais e, nessa mesma época, as espadas japonesas tornam-se as melhores do mundo. Um período calmo e de relativa evolução termina quando Yoritomo morre, assim como seus filhos, pouco tempo depois. A família Hojo passa a ser o poder no Japão e o país enfrenta bons tempos, a cultura novamente evolui e as relações com a China melhoram. Em 1220, o rei da Mongólia conquista toda a China devido ao seu grande armamento. Kublai Kan, neto de Genghis Kan resolve conquistar também o Japão e em 1274 desembarca com seu exército no arquipélago. Kublai Kan é derrotado pelos samurais e ainda tem seus navios atacados por fortes furacões, em duas tentativas. Com a vitória, os samurais mais uma vez se consagram como soldados leais e importantes, mas devido à guerra, o poder imperial não teve condições de recompensar seus bravos guerreiros, o que gerou uma certa turbulência no governo; o período chega ao fim quando o Xogunato de Kamamura foi derrotado pelo imperador Godaigo, em 1333. Destaques: a importância dos samurais, o crescimento do budismo, a eleição do primeiro Xogum do Japão.
1333 d.C a 1573 d.C
Período MuromachiNesse período é estabelecido o Xogunato Muromachi, por Ashikaga Takauji, em Kyoto. Esse período, apesar de violento, foi marcado por grande evolução econômica e cultural, como a arquitetura, pintura, poesia, canções, a cerimônia do chá (Chanoyu), o Ikebana (arte de arranjar flores) e o teatro (Nô e Kyogen). Pela primeira vez há o contato com o Ocidente, quando uma embarcação portuguesa chega ao arquipélago trazendo as primeiras armas de fogo (mosquetes). Na parte econômica, o poder passa para as mãos dos daymiôs, que eram os senhores feudais da época. Cada governo tinha uma certa liberdade, mas sempre mantendo seu respeito para com o Xogum. Devido a isso, grandes batalhas por territórios aconteceram e a construção de castelos pelos senhores feudais foi algo muito comum durante todo o período, devido aos grandes conflitos pela conquista de terras. Kyoto foi incendiada e o declínio do Xogum se inicia. Destaques: a grande evolução cultural, a chegada do cristianismo no país graças ao jesuíta Francisco Xavier.
1573 d.C a 1603 d.C
Período Azuchi-Momoyama
Devido ao declínio do Xogunato Muromochi não houve maneira de se defender dos constantes ataques de diversos senhores feudais, que tentavam assumir o poder a todo custo, mas depois de muitas tentativas, somente Oda Nobunaga, um importante general, conseguiu finalmente conquistar o poder. Primeiro Nobunaga conquistou a província de Owari e, anos depois, conquistou a capital do país, assim ressurge o poder imperial no país. Nabunaga só conseguiu tais conquistas porque usou o armamento fornecido pelos portugueses. Mesmo com tanto poder, o general não esperava por uma traição interna e acabou sendo assassinado antes de unificar todo o país. Seus passos foram seguidos por seu mais fiel general, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, que depois de adotar diversas medidas drásticas para evitar um possível golpe (tais como, confisco de armas, destruição de castelos, levantamento de propriedades etc.) finalmente conseguiu unificar o Japão em um único governo. O Japão começa a evoluir novamente e até tenta conquistar a Coréia duas vezes, mas falha em ambas. Esse período chega ao fim com a morte de Hideyoshi. Destaques: grande evolução econômica e social do país, unificação do país.
1603 d.C a 1868 d.C
Período Edo
Com a morte de Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu assume o poder e logo de cara surpreende a todos traindo Hideyori, o sucessor de direito do Hideyoshi. Conquista o controle total do país quando na batalha de Sekigahara venceu alguns grupos rivais e seguidores de Hideyori. Torna-se, então, o novo Xogum a mando do Imperador, e estabelece-se na cidade de Edo (atual Tóquio). Chegamos a uma era conhecida como "Era de Tokugawa", em que a sociedade é dividida em quatro classes distintas (samurais, camponeses, artesãos e comerciantes), os feudos foram distribuídos a pessoas de confiança do Xogum, centralizando, assim, o poder na capital. Em 1633, a entrada de navios portugueses e a saída de japoneses do país foram proibidas, o cristianismo é proibido também e o Japão tem um elevado aumento comercial. O Japão estava praticamente fechado para o mundo exterior. Em 1760, finalmente as portas para outras culturas são reabertas. Quase no final do século XVIII, o Xogunato começa a enfrentar problemas e diversas rebeliões internas passam a ocorrer, exigindo uma reforma política. Acontece a revolução industrial no Ocidente e o Japão vê-se obrigado a mudar sua política para não ficar atrasado. São então firmados diversos acordos com países ocidentais. Destaques: perseguição a milhares de cristãos.
1868 d.C a 1911 d.C
Período Meiji
Com a mudança do Imperador Meiji para Tóquio, e graças também à restauração de Meiji, o Japão se encontra novamente em uma nova fase, onde assina diversos tratados com países do Ocidente. Tais mudanças, entre outras coisas, trouxeram a liberdade religiosa e a igualdade social. Graças ao imperador e a seus tratados, o Japão passou por uma grande industrialização e a chegada de grandes estudiosos ocidentais ajudaram no avanço do país. Os feudos foram extintos e, assim, surgiram as prefeituras e uma verdadeira invasão ocidental ocorreu, durante cerca de duas décadas, ocorrendo também uma sentimento de elevado nacionalismo. Em 1880, devido ao investimento na industrialização do país, o Japão entra numa crise que só foi extinta com a criação do Banco do Japão. Essa época trouxe grandes avanços políticos, como a criação da primeira Constituição Nesse período, o Japão passou por duas guerras territoriais e em ambas se foi vencedor (uma contra a China, em 1895, e outra contra a Rússia, em 1905). Em 1910, o Japão ocupa o território coreano. Em 1912, morre o imperador Meiji e esse período chega ao seu fim com um saldo bem positivo.
1912 d.C a 1925 d.C
Período Taisho
o período inicia-se quando Taisho, filho do Imperador Meiji, assume o poder. Aos poucos, o governo democrático ganhou grande força. Devido aos tratados feitos, o Japão acaba entrando na Primeira Guerra Mundial junto aos Aliados. Sua participação ficou bem restrita a pequenos ataques na Ásia. Ao termino da guerra, a situação econômica do país piorou bastante e se agravou ainda mais quando em 1923 um terremoto praticamente destruiu Tóquio. Destaques: as mulheres começam a participar mais da vida social do país, é estabelecida a democracia.
1926 d.C a 1988 d.C
Período ShowaCom a grande crise econômica que o mundo todo enfrentava, incluindo o Japão, os militares defendem que somente a conquista de novas áreas territoriais solucionaria o problema. E mesmo contra a vontade do imperador, os militares tomam quase que por completo o poder. O Japão começa uma pequena guerra por novos territórios e em 1933 retira-se da Liga das Nações. Em 1937 se inicia a Segunda Guerra Mundial, mas em pequena escala, porém no dia 7 de dezembro de 1941 o Japão ataca Pearl Harbor, base americana no Havaí. Depois desse ataque, o Japão nunca mais seria o mesmo, pois em 1945 os Estados Unidos lançaram bombas atômicas sobre as províncias de Hiroshima e Nagasaki, dando fim à guerra. O imperador se rende e o saldo final foram as mortes de quase 2 milhões de japoneses, metade do país destruído e uma economia arrasada. Com o término da guerra, por alguns anos o Japão manteve-se ocupado pelas forças vitoriosas e em 1947 foi criada uma nova Constituição que proibia a resolução de problemas internacionais com guerra. O imperador perdeu o poder e a nova forma de governo passou a ser a monarquia constitucional, sob o controle de um parlamento. As relações exteriores só voltam a ser realizadas em 1951. Logo, com a ajuda dos Estados Unidos, o Japão se tornaria uma das principais potências econômicas do mundo. Em 1973, o Japão entra numa crise de petróleo que só é superada com os investimentos nas indústrias de alta tecnologia. Em 1989 o imperador Hirohito falece, marcando o fim desse período.
1989 d.C aos dias atuais
Período Heisei
Com a morte de seu pai, Akihito assume o poder e inicia uma nova era, marcada por grandes avanços e tranqüilidade. Em 1993, o príncipe se casa com a plebéia Masako Owada.
Japan is a country of unique culture, history until today is full of mysteries and secrets, that because of its "isolation" from other Asian nations? division for ages was made to facilitate the proper understanding of its history. Throughout the descriptions, we realize that the country is marked by patriotism and we understand the curiosity that the culture and history bring us.
** The 8000 a.CPeriod Pre-Ceramic "Set for sure what time really began the Japanese civilization is very difficult, but traces of life on the islands indicate that at least 100,000 years ago, in a time when the area that corresponds to Japan was glued to Asia (proof of this were the fossils of mammoth and elephant naumann found in the northern part of the archipelago). The inhabitants began to migrate from Eurasia to the east, the people probably were following the animals, considering that at the time, hunting and wild plants were feeding their habits. Unlike what many think, many indications show that the origin of the Japanese not Chinese. Stone tools and human fossils from this period show that these people existed since the Stone Age, also called Pre-Ceramic Period or Period Paleolithic.
8000 BC to 300 BCJomon PeriodOne of the greatest periods that lasted thousands of years. It was here that the archipelago known as Japan that have actually formed, because with a considerable rise in temperature, the ice began to melt and sea levels rose, but Japan was not yet officially a country. At that time the man was still living by hunting wild animals and plants, but has already started the production of clay containers (Jomon pottery), the use of archery and the first attempts at planting. The interesting thing is that the extinction of some species of animals (which had very different sizes of what we know today) was not only caused by climate change, but by human actions.
300 BC to 300 A. D.Yayoi PeriodThe Yayoi period lasted about 600 years and was one of the periods that brought more changes to the Japanese. Perhaps this has been due to travel to the archipelago's inhabitants have access to areas of difficult, and also by emigration of Koreans to the country, which led new cultures, new languages. Koreans who were brought to Japan the rice planting techniques and working with the metal (bronze and iron). Also influenced in clay containers, tools for everyday use, among other things. But not everything is beneficial, along with so many news came the wars for power, where the size of a "village" determined who was the strongest, the gap between rich and poor and a certain rivalry between regions. But many say that the ancient inhabitants of Korea began to migrate to Japan? And the answer is quite simple, some 2,500 years ago Korea was facing a war and to escape her many Koreans embarked towards the island of Kyushu and there began to implement the planting of rice which soon spread throughout the islands. Over time, the villagers realized that the rice could be stored for a long period and hence the size of this stock showed the power and wealth of every village. In the Yayoi era people ate raw rice that was steamed or boiled, but this was not the only news feed on the Japanese archipelago, as legumes (soy, azuki and wheat) that were brought by the Chinese and food-based of meat from animals such as horses and cattle were also incorporated to Japanese culture.
A.D. 300 to 593 A. D.Yamato Kofun period orBefore summarizing this period, it is curious to say that many of the data this time was achieved only after historians have researched the history of China, that due to the great influence that the country was in Japan at the beginning of this period, Japan ended up being divided into several areas due to their relief, each with their own customs. New items such as agricultural tools and weapons began to enter the islands through Korea and China, the art of ceramics increased and became more practical and written to the Chinese entered the country for commercial purposes. Buddhism was introduced in Japan thanks to these two countries in 538 AD It was during the invasion of the Mongolian horsemen (who eventually won the country) who came to Yamato dynasty, around AD 250, Jimmu Tenno to consecrate the first Emperor of Japan Over time, all small villages were being transformed into a single state. Centuries later, when Prince Shotoku Taishi (Shôotoku-Tisha), the power of the landowners (the so-called ujis) was considerably decreased. Highlights: the unification of Japan as a nation (around the 3rd and 4th century) and the introduction of Buddhism in the country.
593 A.D. to 710 A.D.Asuka periodA period means that troubled, but it brought many of the features visible today in the country. In 604 AD, is founded by Shotoku, the first constitution of the country, with 17 articles. This centralized organization is further increased in 645 AD with the Taika reform, which among other things created that taxes should be paid by the peasants. Such changes are mainly due to Buddhism and Confucianism. This period lasted about a century was also marked by progress in the areas of architecture and philosophy. In the political part, things were more complicated, since the Asuka period occurred several attacks on the imperial family (including deaths occurring), and many fights between families of great power in Japan The Asuka period branding and "acceptance" and consecration of Buddhism in the country thanks to Prince Shotoku. The Asuka period comes to an end when the government of the Empress Genma change happens from the capital, which becomes Heijo-Kyou (Heidjôokyôo), a province of Nara.
710 A.D. to 794 A.D.Nara PeriodThis period begins when the Empress Genmar moved the capital to the Japanese imperial Nara, a city that was built based on the Tang Chinese capital, which proves the great influence exerted by China and Buddhism at that time. We constructed several Buddhist temples throughout the country. Thanks to this, the cultural arts in the area was enormous. It was then that the Chinese script (kanji) was adapted for Japanese. The society was largely agricultural and divided into villages. The scheme uji-kabane (landlords) decays and Flowers Ritsuriô system (administrative). Many schools were established with Buddhist thought in the capital Nara and one stood out as the most prized by emperors, the Sutra of Golden Light, which defined the Buddha as universal. Again the period is terminated with a change of capital, the new imperial capital of Japan would be Heian-kyou. Highlights: shift the imperial capital and the growth of centralized power in the country.
794 A.D. to 1192 A.D.Heian Period (Heia)With the possession of Emperor Kammu again the seat of the imperial capital changes location, this time would Heian, which means "capital of peace and tranquility" (this capital today, is the province of Kyoto) was precisely in this time appeared the Saburi (which possibly gave rise to the samurai). Around 838 AD Japan cut ties with China due to the disorder he faced. In the tenth century, Japan was under the command of the Fujiwara clan and has progressed much in the cultural area. Thanks to that, a Japanese writing system of 46 basic symbols known as Kana. But while undergoing a cultural breakthrough in the political part of things started getting more difficult and therefore two noble families, Taira and Minamoto, Fujiwara began to help keep order in his government, with the recruitment of peasants. But soon all this harmony between families and the power just spoke louder. For a long time there were power struggles? this difficult period, there were in fact the samurai and two great battles, Hogen (1156) and Heiji (1159), the Taira family won and assumed power. Taira Kiyomori was the first samurai to take power. Tara's family did not govern well and soon came to be hated by all, only 20 years later was defeated and Minamoto Yoritomo seized power, thus ending this period full of changes and wars. Highlight: there were the samurai.
1192 A.D.? 1333 A.D.Kamakura PeriodMinamoto Yoritomo establishes itself the winner of the battle and is called the shogun, emperor, thus beginning a new era in Japan, a period when the samurai was consecrated in power. At that time, it created a military regime known as the Shogunate (bakufu or). The imperial capital is now in Kamamura, a fishing village well protected, ideal for defending major conflicts. During this period, the government still based on the samurai code of honor and, at the same time, the Japanese swords become the best in the world. A period of relative calm and evolution ends when Yoritomo dies, and his sons soon after. The Hojo family becomes the power in Japan and the country faces good times, the culture evolves again and relations with China improve. In 1220, the king of Mongolia wins throughout China because of its big guns. Kublai Kan, grandson of Genghis Kan also resolves to conquer Japan in 1274 and landed with his army in the archipelago. Kublai Kan is defeated by the samurai and still have their ships attacked by strong hurricanes in two attempts. With the victory, the samurai once again dedicate themselves as loyal soldiers and important, but because of the war, the imperial power was unable to reward his brave warriors, which was some turbulence in the government, the period ends when the Shogunate of Kamamura was defeated by Emperor Godaigo in 1333. Highlights: the importance of the samurai, the growth of Buddhism, the election of the first Shogun of Japan
A.D. 1333 to 1573 A.D.Muromachi PeriodThis period is established Muromachi Shogunate, Ashikaga by Takauji in Kyoto. This time, though violent, was marked by great economic and cultural developments, such as architecture, painting, poetry, songs, the tea ceremony (chanoyu), Ikebana (the art of arranging flowers) and theater (Noh and Kyogen). For the first time there is contact with the West, when a vessel reaches the Portuguese archipelago bringing the first firearms (muskets). On the economic power passes into the hands of daymiôs, who were the lords of the season. Each government had a certain freedom, but always maintaining its respect for the Shogun. Because of this, great battles for territory and building castles happened by the feudal lords were very common throughout the period due to major conflicts with the conquest of land. Kyoto was burned and the decline of the Shogun starts. Highlights: The big cultural evolution, the advent of Christianity in the country thanks to the Jesuit Francis Xavier.
A.D. 1573 to 1603 A.D.Azuchi-Momoyama PeriodDue to the decline of the Shogunate Muromochi no way to defend themselves from constant attacks of various feudal lords, who tried to take power at any cost, but after many attempts, only Oda Nobunaga, a major general, was finally able to gain power. First Nobunaga conquered the province of Owari, and years later, won the country's capital, and the resurgent imperial power in the country. Nabunaga only managed these achievements because they used the weapons provided by the Portuguese. Even with so much power, the general did not expect an internal treason and shot dead before to unite the whole country. His steps were followed by his most trusted general, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who after adopting several drastic measures to avoid a possible strike (such as confiscation of weapons, destruction of castles, survey of properties, etc..) Finally succeeded in unifying Japan in a single government. Japan begins to evolve again and try to conquer Korea twice, but failed in both. This period ends with the death of Hideyoshi. Highlights: great economic and social evolution of the country, unifying the country.
A.D. 1603 to 1868 A.D.Edo PeriodWith the death of Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu took power and soon face betraying Hideyori surprises everyone's successor, Hideyoshi's right. Conquest full control of the country when the battle of Sekigahara won some followers of rival groups and Hideyori. It becomes, then, the new Shogun at the behest of the emperor, and settled in the city of Edo (now Tokyo). We have reached an era known as the Tokugawa Era, "in which society is divided into four distinct classes (samurai, peasants, artisans and merchants), the feuds were distributed to people in confidence Shogun, centering, so the power in capital. In 1633, the entry of Portuguese ships and the departure of Japanese citizens were prohibited, Christianity is forbidden and Japan also has a commercial high rise. Japan was virtually closed to the outside world. In 1760, finally the door to other cultures are reopened. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, the shogunate began to face problems and several internal rebellions are occurring, demanding political reform. It turns the industrial revolution in the West and Japan is forced to change its policy to not be late. They are then entered into several agreements with Western countries. Highlights: the persecution of thousands of Christians.
A.D. 1868 to 1911 A.D.Meiji PeriodWith the change of Emperor Meiji in Tokyo, and also thanks to the Meiji Restoration, Japan once again finds itself in a new phase, where several treaties signed with Western countries. Such changes, among other things, brought religious freedom and social equality. Thanks to the emperor and his treatises, Japan experienced a large industrialization and the arrival of major Western scholars helped in the advancement of the country. The feuds have become extinct and thus arose the town officials and a Western invasion was true for about two decades, occurring also a high sense of nationalism. In 1880, due to investment in the industrialization of the country, Japan is entering a crisis that was only abolished with the creation of the Bank of Japan this season brought great political achievements as the creation of the first Constitution of this period, Japan went through two wars territorial and they both won (one against China in 1895 and one against Russia in 1905). In 1910, Japan occupied the Korean territory. In 1912, Emperor Meiji dies and this period comes to an end with a positive balance as well.
A.D. 1912 to 1925 A.D.Taisho PeriodTime begins when Taisho, son of Emperor Meiji, assumes power. Gradually, the democratic government has gained great strength. Due to treaties made, Japan has just entered the First World War with the Allies. Their participation was very restricted to small attacks in Asia. At the end of the war, the country's economic situation has become very poor and worsened in 1923 when an earthquake virtually destroyed Tokyo. Highlights: women begin to participate more in social life of the country, is established democracy.
A.D. 1926 to 1988 A.D.Showa PeriodWith the great economic crisis facing the world, including Japan, the military argued that only the conquest of new territorial areas would solve the problem. And even against the will of the emperor, the military almost completely take power. Japan starts a small war over new territories and in 1933 withdrew from the League of Nations. In 1937 he started the Second World War, but on a small scale, but on December 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, the U.S. base in Hawaii. After the attack, Japan would never be the same as in 1945 the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki provinces, ending the war. The emperor surrenders and the final balance were the deaths of nearly 2 million Japanese, half the country destroyed and an economy devastated. With the end of the war, for a few years Japan remained occupied by the victorious forces in 1947 and created a new constitution that prohibited the settlement of international problems with war. The emperor lost power and the new form of government became a constitutional monarchy, under the control of a parliament. The only external relations are again held in 1951. So with the help of the United States, Japan would become a major economic powers in the world. In 1973, Japan enters an oil crisis that is only overcome with investments in high technology industries. In 1989 Emperor Hirohito died, marking the end of that period.
A.D. 1989 to todayHeisei PeriodWith the death of his father, Akihito takes power and begins a new era, marked by major advances and tranquility. In 1993, the prince marries commoner Masako Owada with.
** The 8000 a.CPeriod Pre-Ceramic "Set for sure what time really began the Japanese civilization is very difficult, but traces of life on the islands indicate that at least 100,000 years ago, in a time when the area that corresponds to Japan was glued to Asia (proof of this were the fossils of mammoth and elephant naumann found in the northern part of the archipelago). The inhabitants began to migrate from Eurasia to the east, the people probably were following the animals, considering that at the time, hunting and wild plants were feeding their habits. Unlike what many think, many indications show that the origin of the Japanese not Chinese. Stone tools and human fossils from this period show that these people existed since the Stone Age, also called Pre-Ceramic Period or Period Paleolithic.
8000 BC to 300 BCJomon PeriodOne of the greatest periods that lasted thousands of years. It was here that the archipelago known as Japan that have actually formed, because with a considerable rise in temperature, the ice began to melt and sea levels rose, but Japan was not yet officially a country. At that time the man was still living by hunting wild animals and plants, but has already started the production of clay containers (Jomon pottery), the use of archery and the first attempts at planting. The interesting thing is that the extinction of some species of animals (which had very different sizes of what we know today) was not only caused by climate change, but by human actions.
300 BC to 300 A. D.Yayoi PeriodThe Yayoi period lasted about 600 years and was one of the periods that brought more changes to the Japanese. Perhaps this has been due to travel to the archipelago's inhabitants have access to areas of difficult, and also by emigration of Koreans to the country, which led new cultures, new languages. Koreans who were brought to Japan the rice planting techniques and working with the metal (bronze and iron). Also influenced in clay containers, tools for everyday use, among other things. But not everything is beneficial, along with so many news came the wars for power, where the size of a "village" determined who was the strongest, the gap between rich and poor and a certain rivalry between regions. But many say that the ancient inhabitants of Korea began to migrate to Japan? And the answer is quite simple, some 2,500 years ago Korea was facing a war and to escape her many Koreans embarked towards the island of Kyushu and there began to implement the planting of rice which soon spread throughout the islands. Over time, the villagers realized that the rice could be stored for a long period and hence the size of this stock showed the power and wealth of every village. In the Yayoi era people ate raw rice that was steamed or boiled, but this was not the only news feed on the Japanese archipelago, as legumes (soy, azuki and wheat) that were brought by the Chinese and food-based of meat from animals such as horses and cattle were also incorporated to Japanese culture.
A.D. 300 to 593 A. D.Yamato Kofun period orBefore summarizing this period, it is curious to say that many of the data this time was achieved only after historians have researched the history of China, that due to the great influence that the country was in Japan at the beginning of this period, Japan ended up being divided into several areas due to their relief, each with their own customs. New items such as agricultural tools and weapons began to enter the islands through Korea and China, the art of ceramics increased and became more practical and written to the Chinese entered the country for commercial purposes. Buddhism was introduced in Japan thanks to these two countries in 538 AD It was during the invasion of the Mongolian horsemen (who eventually won the country) who came to Yamato dynasty, around AD 250, Jimmu Tenno to consecrate the first Emperor of Japan Over time, all small villages were being transformed into a single state. Centuries later, when Prince Shotoku Taishi (Shôotoku-Tisha), the power of the landowners (the so-called ujis) was considerably decreased. Highlights: the unification of Japan as a nation (around the 3rd and 4th century) and the introduction of Buddhism in the country.
593 A.D. to 710 A.D.Asuka periodA period means that troubled, but it brought many of the features visible today in the country. In 604 AD, is founded by Shotoku, the first constitution of the country, with 17 articles. This centralized organization is further increased in 645 AD with the Taika reform, which among other things created that taxes should be paid by the peasants. Such changes are mainly due to Buddhism and Confucianism. This period lasted about a century was also marked by progress in the areas of architecture and philosophy. In the political part, things were more complicated, since the Asuka period occurred several attacks on the imperial family (including deaths occurring), and many fights between families of great power in Japan The Asuka period branding and "acceptance" and consecration of Buddhism in the country thanks to Prince Shotoku. The Asuka period comes to an end when the government of the Empress Genma change happens from the capital, which becomes Heijo-Kyou (Heidjôokyôo), a province of Nara.
710 A.D. to 794 A.D.Nara PeriodThis period begins when the Empress Genmar moved the capital to the Japanese imperial Nara, a city that was built based on the Tang Chinese capital, which proves the great influence exerted by China and Buddhism at that time. We constructed several Buddhist temples throughout the country. Thanks to this, the cultural arts in the area was enormous. It was then that the Chinese script (kanji) was adapted for Japanese. The society was largely agricultural and divided into villages. The scheme uji-kabane (landlords) decays and Flowers Ritsuriô system (administrative). Many schools were established with Buddhist thought in the capital Nara and one stood out as the most prized by emperors, the Sutra of Golden Light, which defined the Buddha as universal. Again the period is terminated with a change of capital, the new imperial capital of Japan would be Heian-kyou. Highlights: shift the imperial capital and the growth of centralized power in the country.
794 A.D. to 1192 A.D.Heian Period (Heia)With the possession of Emperor Kammu again the seat of the imperial capital changes location, this time would Heian, which means "capital of peace and tranquility" (this capital today, is the province of Kyoto) was precisely in this time appeared the Saburi (which possibly gave rise to the samurai). Around 838 AD Japan cut ties with China due to the disorder he faced. In the tenth century, Japan was under the command of the Fujiwara clan and has progressed much in the cultural area. Thanks to that, a Japanese writing system of 46 basic symbols known as Kana. But while undergoing a cultural breakthrough in the political part of things started getting more difficult and therefore two noble families, Taira and Minamoto, Fujiwara began to help keep order in his government, with the recruitment of peasants. But soon all this harmony between families and the power just spoke louder. For a long time there were power struggles? this difficult period, there were in fact the samurai and two great battles, Hogen (1156) and Heiji (1159), the Taira family won and assumed power. Taira Kiyomori was the first samurai to take power. Tara's family did not govern well and soon came to be hated by all, only 20 years later was defeated and Minamoto Yoritomo seized power, thus ending this period full of changes and wars. Highlight: there were the samurai.
1192 A.D.? 1333 A.D.Kamakura PeriodMinamoto Yoritomo establishes itself the winner of the battle and is called the shogun, emperor, thus beginning a new era in Japan, a period when the samurai was consecrated in power. At that time, it created a military regime known as the Shogunate (bakufu or). The imperial capital is now in Kamamura, a fishing village well protected, ideal for defending major conflicts. During this period, the government still based on the samurai code of honor and, at the same time, the Japanese swords become the best in the world. A period of relative calm and evolution ends when Yoritomo dies, and his sons soon after. The Hojo family becomes the power in Japan and the country faces good times, the culture evolves again and relations with China improve. In 1220, the king of Mongolia wins throughout China because of its big guns. Kublai Kan, grandson of Genghis Kan also resolves to conquer Japan in 1274 and landed with his army in the archipelago. Kublai Kan is defeated by the samurai and still have their ships attacked by strong hurricanes in two attempts. With the victory, the samurai once again dedicate themselves as loyal soldiers and important, but because of the war, the imperial power was unable to reward his brave warriors, which was some turbulence in the government, the period ends when the Shogunate of Kamamura was defeated by Emperor Godaigo in 1333. Highlights: the importance of the samurai, the growth of Buddhism, the election of the first Shogun of Japan
A.D. 1333 to 1573 A.D.Muromachi PeriodThis period is established Muromachi Shogunate, Ashikaga by Takauji in Kyoto. This time, though violent, was marked by great economic and cultural developments, such as architecture, painting, poetry, songs, the tea ceremony (chanoyu), Ikebana (the art of arranging flowers) and theater (Noh and Kyogen). For the first time there is contact with the West, when a vessel reaches the Portuguese archipelago bringing the first firearms (muskets). On the economic power passes into the hands of daymiôs, who were the lords of the season. Each government had a certain freedom, but always maintaining its respect for the Shogun. Because of this, great battles for territory and building castles happened by the feudal lords were very common throughout the period due to major conflicts with the conquest of land. Kyoto was burned and the decline of the Shogun starts. Highlights: The big cultural evolution, the advent of Christianity in the country thanks to the Jesuit Francis Xavier.
A.D. 1573 to 1603 A.D.Azuchi-Momoyama PeriodDue to the decline of the Shogunate Muromochi no way to defend themselves from constant attacks of various feudal lords, who tried to take power at any cost, but after many attempts, only Oda Nobunaga, a major general, was finally able to gain power. First Nobunaga conquered the province of Owari, and years later, won the country's capital, and the resurgent imperial power in the country. Nabunaga only managed these achievements because they used the weapons provided by the Portuguese. Even with so much power, the general did not expect an internal treason and shot dead before to unite the whole country. His steps were followed by his most trusted general, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who after adopting several drastic measures to avoid a possible strike (such as confiscation of weapons, destruction of castles, survey of properties, etc..) Finally succeeded in unifying Japan in a single government. Japan begins to evolve again and try to conquer Korea twice, but failed in both. This period ends with the death of Hideyoshi. Highlights: great economic and social evolution of the country, unifying the country.
A.D. 1603 to 1868 A.D.Edo PeriodWith the death of Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu took power and soon face betraying Hideyori surprises everyone's successor, Hideyoshi's right. Conquest full control of the country when the battle of Sekigahara won some followers of rival groups and Hideyori. It becomes, then, the new Shogun at the behest of the emperor, and settled in the city of Edo (now Tokyo). We have reached an era known as the Tokugawa Era, "in which society is divided into four distinct classes (samurai, peasants, artisans and merchants), the feuds were distributed to people in confidence Shogun, centering, so the power in capital. In 1633, the entry of Portuguese ships and the departure of Japanese citizens were prohibited, Christianity is forbidden and Japan also has a commercial high rise. Japan was virtually closed to the outside world. In 1760, finally the door to other cultures are reopened. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, the shogunate began to face problems and several internal rebellions are occurring, demanding political reform. It turns the industrial revolution in the West and Japan is forced to change its policy to not be late. They are then entered into several agreements with Western countries. Highlights: the persecution of thousands of Christians.
A.D. 1868 to 1911 A.D.Meiji PeriodWith the change of Emperor Meiji in Tokyo, and also thanks to the Meiji Restoration, Japan once again finds itself in a new phase, where several treaties signed with Western countries. Such changes, among other things, brought religious freedom and social equality. Thanks to the emperor and his treatises, Japan experienced a large industrialization and the arrival of major Western scholars helped in the advancement of the country. The feuds have become extinct and thus arose the town officials and a Western invasion was true for about two decades, occurring also a high sense of nationalism. In 1880, due to investment in the industrialization of the country, Japan is entering a crisis that was only abolished with the creation of the Bank of Japan this season brought great political achievements as the creation of the first Constitution of this period, Japan went through two wars territorial and they both won (one against China in 1895 and one against Russia in 1905). In 1910, Japan occupied the Korean territory. In 1912, Emperor Meiji dies and this period comes to an end with a positive balance as well.
A.D. 1912 to 1925 A.D.Taisho PeriodTime begins when Taisho, son of Emperor Meiji, assumes power. Gradually, the democratic government has gained great strength. Due to treaties made, Japan has just entered the First World War with the Allies. Their participation was very restricted to small attacks in Asia. At the end of the war, the country's economic situation has become very poor and worsened in 1923 when an earthquake virtually destroyed Tokyo. Highlights: women begin to participate more in social life of the country, is established democracy.
A.D. 1926 to 1988 A.D.Showa PeriodWith the great economic crisis facing the world, including Japan, the military argued that only the conquest of new territorial areas would solve the problem. And even against the will of the emperor, the military almost completely take power. Japan starts a small war over new territories and in 1933 withdrew from the League of Nations. In 1937 he started the Second World War, but on a small scale, but on December 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, the U.S. base in Hawaii. After the attack, Japan would never be the same as in 1945 the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki provinces, ending the war. The emperor surrenders and the final balance were the deaths of nearly 2 million Japanese, half the country destroyed and an economy devastated. With the end of the war, for a few years Japan remained occupied by the victorious forces in 1947 and created a new constitution that prohibited the settlement of international problems with war. The emperor lost power and the new form of government became a constitutional monarchy, under the control of a parliament. The only external relations are again held in 1951. So with the help of the United States, Japan would become a major economic powers in the world. In 1973, Japan enters an oil crisis that is only overcome with investments in high technology industries. In 1989 Emperor Hirohito died, marking the end of that period.
A.D. 1989 to todayHeisei PeriodWith the death of his father, Akihito takes power and begins a new era, marked by major advances and tranquility. In 1993, the prince marries commoner Masako Owada with.
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